Oxygen Nanobubbles for Lake Restoration—Where Are We at? A Review of a New-Generation Approach to Managing Lake Eutrophication

Nutrient enrichment of lakes from anthropogenic activities is a significant and increasing issue globally, impairing the health, biodiversity service provisioning lakes, with impacts on cultural, recreational, economic aesthetic values. Internal nutrient loads lakebed sediment releases are primary cause lake eutrophication have necessitated geoengineering methods to mitigate speed up recovery eutrophication. Our objective in this review was evaluate use oxygen nanobubbles as technology remediate low conditions at sediment/water interface, precursor alleviating linked high internal loads. Oxygen (NBs) bubbles < 1000 nm formed interface solid surfaces aqueous solutions. These higher density than water, persist for longer facilitate greater solubility larger bubbles. Methods been developed enable NB formation surface carrier materials, which then used conjunction modified local soils (MLSs), ‘floc, lock oxygenate’ strip nutrients water column, locking them sediments oxygenating prevent re-release nutrients. Most studies NBs restoration thus far only demonstrated their potential purpose, using short-term, small-scale core incubations conducted mainly laboratory settings. Work required (1) address scalability, including procurement cost, (2) extend incubation large outdoor enclosures pond/lake trials, (3) examine longevity effects natural environment, MLSs smother benthos and/or toxic effects, (4) range environments MLS types. Legal, cultural social acceptance another prerequisite applications environment requires individualised analysis. Until these issues addressed systematic way that addresses scalability recommends suitable materials MLSs, may continue remain largely untried method